What is the primary function of neurotransmitters?

The primary function of neurotransmitters is to transmit signals across a synapse between neurons. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that facilitate communication within the nervous system. When an electrical impulse reaches the end of a neuron (the presynaptic terminal), neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft, the space between neurons. These molecules then bind to specific receptors on the surface of the neighboring neuron (the postsynaptic terminal), leading to either the initiation of an electrical impulse in that neuron or modulation of its activity.

This process is essential for a wide range of functions, including muscle movement, sensory perception, mood regulation, and cognitive processes. When neurotransmitters bind to receptors, they can trigger various responses, reinforcing the critical role they play in neuronal communication and the overall functioning of the nervous system.

The other options involve functions of biological components that do not align with the primary role of neurotransmitters. For instance, storing genetic information is the role of DNA, structural support to cells is provided by elements like the cytoskeleton and cell membranes, and the production of hormones is primarily the role of endocrine glands. Thus, the core function of neurotransmitters distinctly lies in facilitating the transmission of information between neurons.