Which term describes a society characterized by indirect relationships?

The term that accurately describes a society characterized by indirect relationships is Gesellschaft. This concept, introduced by sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies, refers to a type of social relationship that is more impersonal and formal, often seen in modern urban environments. In Gesellschaft, interactions typically occur between strangers or acquaintances rather than close friends or family, and social ties are based on self-interest and contractual agreements rather than strong emotional connections.

In contrast, Gemeinschaft describes societies characterized by close-knit, personal relationships and bonds, typically found in rural or traditional communities. Collectivism refers to an ideology emphasizing the collective over individual interests, while social solidarity refers to the bonds that connect individuals in a society, which can be found in both Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft but does not specifically relate to the nature of the relationships in a society. Thus, Gesellschaft aptly encapsulates the essence of a society defined by indirect, formal interactions.