Which term describes the ability to think about concepts that are not directly observable?

The term that describes the ability to think about concepts that are not directly observable is abstract reasoning. This cognitive skill enables individuals to process ideas, formulate hypotheses, and understand situations that extend beyond concrete instances. It involves the ability to apply concepts, such as justice, freedom, or love, which cannot be physically seen or measured, and engage in hypothetical thinking and problem-solving.

In contrast, the other options pertain to different educational concepts. The term "more knowledgeable other" refers to a person who has a greater understanding or skill level than the learner, often used in the context of Vygotsky's social development theory. "Logical reasoning" involves the use of structured, systematic approaches to deduce conclusions based on given premises but does not encompass the broader, more conceptual thinking associated with abstract reasoning. The "zone of proximal development" is the gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance, emphasizing the social interactivity in learning rather than the cognitive skill of abstract thinking.