Which term suggests that a learner can achieve more with guidance than they can independently?

The term that indicates a learner can achieve significantly more with guidance than they can independently is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). This concept, proposed by psychologist Lev Vygotsky, refers to the difference between what a learner can do without assistance and what they can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a knowledgeable person, such as a teacher or more experienced peer.

The ZPD highlights the importance of social interaction and instruction in learning, emphasizing that learning is most effective when it is framed within this zone where students are challenged just beyond their current capabilities. Thus, by working within this zone, educators can effectively promote the development of skills and knowledge, leading to more profound understanding and capability than would be achieved through independent learning alone.

In contrast, the other options refer to distinct concepts that, while related to learning and development, do not specifically describe the relationship of a learner's ability to improve with guidance in the same way. The Concrete Operational Stage relates to cognitive development in children, the More Knowledgeable Other is a role rather than a concept of learning capacity, and Scaffolding refers to the support provided by an educator or peer rather than the broader principle of ZPD’s significance in learning progress.