Which theory proposes that mental processes can be broken down into their basic components?

The theory that proposes mental processes can be dissected into their basic components is known as Structuralism. This approach emphasizes the analysis of the structure of the mind by identifying its basic elements, much like how a scientist might break down a physical substance into its constituent parts. Structuralists aimed to explore consciousness through introspection, a method that involved looking inward to examine one's thoughts and feelings, thereby breaking down complex mental processes into simpler, fundamental elements.

Structuralism was foundational in psychology, as it laid the groundwork for later schools of thought. It encourages an understanding of how these basic components come together to form more complex mental phenomena. By focusing on the structure of the mind, this theory provides insights into how different aspects of consciousness interrelate, defining a systematic approach to psychological inquiry that influenced future research.